Hysteresis-corrected calibration of manganin under shock loading

The coefficient of electrical resistance of manganin was measured under shock loading and ramp unloading. We made 64 measurements of loading stress in the 1.3–40.5-GPa range and 22 measurements of unloading stress in the 1.9–23.2-GPa range. The average loading coefficient was 14% larger than the average unloading coefficient—a clear measure of resistance hysteresis. The source of the hysteresis is attributed to an irreversible resistance change in manganin caused by shock damage. We present techniques to correct for the effects of this irreversible resistance change. With this correction, both loading and unloading levels showed the same average coefficient of resistance 0.0221±0.004 per GPa. Our unified calibration procedure can be very useful for analyzing complex stress signals that are produced, for example, by reactive shock waves.