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Spasmodic dysphonia is a laryngeal dystonia that can present as adductor, abductor, or mixed types, with or without tremor. The etiology is not understood fully. Comprehensive evaluation is required to establish the diagnosis. Treatments include voice therapy, medications, botulinum toxin injection, laryngeal surgery, deep brain stimulation, and others. In most patients, it is possible to improve fluency.
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Jaworek et al. (2025) studied this question.
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