Key result
The COOLEST echocardiography method in awake orangutans showed high reproducibility, with 98% of within-day and between-day coefficients of variation being <15% and 91% being <10%.
Why the study?
Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Borneo orangutans, but echocardiography usually requires anesthesia, which can be stressful and risky.
Observational (n=4)
Transthoracic echocardiography, including speckle tracking imaging, can be performed in awake, trained Borneo orangutans with good to excellent repeatability and reproducibility.
May enable cardiac monitoring in captive great apes; leaves open validation across species and clinical translation.
Introduction Cardiovascular diseases have been identified as a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Borneo orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus ). Transthoracic echocardiography is usually performed under anesthesia in great apes, which may be stressful and risky in cardiac animals. The aim of the present pilot study was hence to develop a quick and non-stressful echocardiographic method (i.e., the COOLEST method) in awake Borneo orangutans (CardiOvascular examination in awake Orangutans: Low-stress Echocardiography including Speckle Tracking imaging) and assess the variability of corresponding variables. Materials and Methods Four adult Borneo orangutans trained to present their chest to the trainers were involved. A total of 96 TTE examinations were performed on 4 different days by a trained observer examining each orangutans 6 times per day. Each examination included four two-dimensional views, with offline assessment of 28 variables (i.e., two-dimensional (n=12), M-mode and anatomic M-mode (n=6), Doppler (n=7), and speckle tracking imaging (n=3)), representing a total of 2,688 measurements. A general linear model was used to determine the within-day and between-day coefficients of variation. Results Mean±SD (minimum-maximum) images acquisition duration was 3.8±1.6 minutes (1.3-6.3). All within-day and between-day coefficients of variation but one (n=55/56, 98%) were <15%, and most (51/56, 91%) were <10% including those of speckle tracking systolic strain variables (2.7% to 5.4%). Discussion Heart morphology as well as global and regional myocardial function can be assessed in awake orangutans with good to excellent repeatability and reproducibility. Conclusions This non-stressful method may be used for longitudinal cardiac follow-up in awake orangutans.
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Chetboul et al. (2021) reported an observational. COOLEST method (Low-stress Echocardiography) was evaluated on within-day and between-day coefficients of variation. The COOLEST echocardiography method in awake orangutans showed high reproducibility, with 98% of within-day and between-day coefficients of variation being <15% and 91% being <10%.
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