The author reviews experimental studies and evaluates the effects of counselor interventions on the grade point averages of underachieving or low‐achieving students in elementary, middle, and high schools. Characteristics of programs associated with improved achievement included directive and behavioral rather than person‐centered approaches, lengthy rather than brief treatment, group rather than individual counseling, voluntary rather than nonvoluntary participation, counseling with study skills instruction, and parental involvement.
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Natalie Susan Wilson (1986) studied this question.