Activities of Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, and Ofioxacin in Combination with Liposomal or Unencapsulated Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor against Intramacrophage Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare

The effects of ofloxacin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) against Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare (MAI) were evaluated in an in vitro human macrophage infection model. Treatment of MAI-infected macrophages with GM-CSF alone induced a maximal killing effect at 1000 U/mL, and the potency was increased 100-fold by encapsulating the cytokine within liposomes. Antibiotics were applied at concentrations close to their clinically achievable serum trough and peak levels. Addition of GM-CSF to azithromycin and therapeutic trough concentrations of ofloxacin and clarithromycin was associated with significant (P < .01) augmentation of antimycobacterial activity compared with the effects of the agents alone. However, the enhancement effect by GM-CSF was not seen with therapeutic peak concentrations of ofloxacin and clarithromycin. Thus, GM-CSF may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of MAI infections with azithromycin, clarithromycin, and ofloxacin.