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August 23, 2026Bioscience NanotechnologyOpen Access

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by plant extracts: a critical review and experimental insights on the integrated effects of pH, temperature, and concentration

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Authors

SSSidney S. Dos SantosGMGiovany Eduardo Rodrigues De MoraesMCMiguel A. Cerqueira

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Overview

Experimental review reveals optimal plant extract concentration produces stable silver nanoparticles, highlighting the critical role of reaction parameters in green nanotechnology.

Key Points

  • To review the effects of pH, temperature, and reagent concentration on green silver nanoparticle synthesis and experimentally determine the optimal plant extract concentration using Astrocaryum aculeatum.
  • Critically reviewed key physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, reagent concentration) governing silver nanoparticle (AgNP) formation, morphology, and stability.
  • Synthesized AgNPs across three independent batches using Astrocaryum aculeatum extract at concentrations of 10, 15, 20, and 30 g L⁻¹.
  • Evaluated particle characteristics using UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), polydispersity index (PDI), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA).
  • Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks appeared at 406.3 ± 3.2 nm (10 g L⁻¹), 410.0 ± 2.0 nm (15 g L⁻¹), and 407.0 ± 1.0 nm (20 g L⁻¹), whereas 30 g L⁻¹ showed no resolved SPR maximum.
  • Increasing extract concentration from 15 to 30 g L⁻¹ increased mean hydrodynamic diameter from 220.0 ± 19.0 nm to 786.3 ± 108.8 nm and PDI from 0.338 ± 0.015 to 0.939 ± 0.050 [F(3,8) = 160.50, p < 0.001].
  • NTA identified 15 g L⁻¹ as the optimal concentration, achieving the highest particle-number yield at (5.41 ± 0.18) × 10¹⁰ particles mL⁻¹.

Cite This Study

Santos et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8aae337677a34114446ffchttps://doi.org/10.1186/s44331-026-00033-7
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