Evaluating Public Awareness of Prehistoric Heritage in Ha’il, Northern Saudi Arabia, and Identifying Opportunities for Improving Social Participation

Prehistoric archaeological research in the region of Ha’il, northern Saudi Arabia has produced discoveries central to understanding Arabian heritage. Yet, despite extensive site documentation, little is known about local community awareness of prehistoric heritage or its social value. Aligned with Saudi Vision 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study assesses community awareness and identifies pathways toward sustainable participation. We analysed 472 questionnaire responses using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Knowledge of prehistoric heritage and perceived cultural value significantly increased awareness, which in turn strongly predicted interest and willingness to participate. Opportunity emerged as the primary driver of engagement, whereas positive and negative perceptions showed no significant direct effect on participation. Although detailed awareness remains limited, residents display a strong latent willingness to engage in prehistoric exploration, conservation, and heritage activities. These findings demonstrate that awareness-building and opportunity creation, rather than perception alone, are essential for mobilising local communities.