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The introduction of robotic assistance has enabled totally endoscopic closed chest procedures, most often by left internal thoracic artery to left (LITA) anterior descending. Endoscopic stabilizers have made off-pump surgery feasible. We report the first case of a totally endoscopic off-pump bilateral ITA grafting in a 58-year-old patient.
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Fadi Farhat (2004) studied this question.
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