Solute segregation and phase separation at and near grain boundaries are analyzed in terms of possible modes of compositional variation and applicable driving forces, several of which are of practical importance. The importance of compositional variations, including both equilibrium and transient phenomena, and a range of “grain‐boundary widths” is discussed as related to grain‐boundary diffusion and to the current status of grain‐boundary concepts.
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W. D. Kingery (1974) studied this question.