Overanticoagulation is associated with renal function decline

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that overanticoagulation impairs renal function in patients on warfarin therapy, due to renal tubular obstruction from glomerular hemorrhage. METHODS: Data from the Rotterdam Study (The Netherlands), a prospective population-based cohort study of patients 55 years and older, were used for this study. Information on vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy was obtained from the regional anticoagulation clinic, where prothrombin times were monitored every 1-6 weeks depending on target level and stability of the international normalized ratio (INR). Linear regression was performed to study the association between the cumulative number of instances of overanticoagulation (defined as a measurement of an INR >6.0) and the change in renal function between baseline and third examination round based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI equation). Age, sex, baseline renal function, baseline and incident heart failure, and indication for VKA therapy were included as potential confounders. RESULTS: Information was available for analysis on 2,802 study participants in whom overanticoagulation was significantly associated with a decline in renal function, after adjustment for confounding by age, sex, heart failure, baseline glomerular filtration rate and indication for VKA therapy (-0.180 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year per event for INR >6.0, p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Overanticoagulation (INR >6.0) is associated with a decline in renal function. Further studies are needed to evaluate the causal role of different degrees of overanticoagulation, including transient effects, in high-risk groups, and the association with the new oral anticoagulants.