A fine-powdered sample of high purity SnO 2 gave a strong ESR signal ( g av ≈1.90) after reduction in vacuum. This BSR center, like the g ≈1.96 center of ZnO, is associated with the n-type conduction. When the sample was exposed to O 2 or H 2 , the spin concentration, the full half width and also the electric conductance were changed. These variations are well explained by assuming that the fine-powdered SnO 2 has double donor centers originated from both bulk and surface oxygen vacancies, The g av ≈1.90 center may be due to the un-ionized deep donor electrons trapped in the surface oxygen vacancy.
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Mizokawa et al. (1975) studied this question.