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A multinational effort has been conducted (2009-2011) under the umbrella of the Sensor & Electronics Technology (SET) panel of the NATO Research and Technology Organisation (RTO). The NATO panel tasks technical teams to investigate specific topics related to the armed forces. This technical team, (SET152), was tasked to study the capabilities of a future type of radar that combines passive and active modes of operation for a better performance in air defence applications. A system concept for a 'deployable multi-band passive active radar' DMPAR was developed, indicating the critical components, proposing solutions, specifying performance expectation, and proposing new approaches for system performance verification.
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Kuschel et al. (2013) studied this question.
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