This paper analyzes, in the form of a case study, the coordination of ten 3PL (Third-Party Logistics) by a logistics leader (4PL - Fourth-Party Logistics). The study contributes to the understanding of the factors that differentiate 3PL as collaborators and as potential competitors, revealing that the services they render complement each other within the same operation.
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Vivaldini et al. (2008) studied this question.
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