Vitamin D Improves Nitric Oxide-Dependent Vasodilation in Adipose Tissue Arterioles from Bariatric Surgery Patients

Figures

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  Figure 1. Study flow chart.

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  Figure 2. Effect of vitamin D on flow-induced dilation (FID) and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID) in adipose tissue resistance arterioles collected on the day of surgery (n = 15 subjects). FID measurements in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) arterioles (A) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) arterioles (C) corresponding to increasing intraluminal pressure gradients of 10–100 cm H2O. AchID measurements in VAT arterioles (B) and SAT arterioles (D) corresponding to increasing concentrations of acetylcholine (Ach) (10−9 to 10−4 M). All measurements are presented as means ± standard error (SE); † p < 0.05 comparing vitamin D with baseline.

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  Figure 3. Effect of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibition via L-NAME on FID and AchID in adipose tissue resistance arterioles collected on the day of surgery (n = 15 subjects). FID measurements corresponding to intraluminal pressure gradients of 10–100 cm H2O in VAT arterioles (A) and SAT arterioles (C) with and without vitamin D incubation. AchID measurements corresponding to increasing Ach concentrations (10−9 to 10−4 M) in VAT arterioles (B) and SAT arterioles (D) with and without vitamin-D incubation. All measurements are presented as means ± standard error (SE); ₸ p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME with baseline, † p < 0.05 comparing vitamin D with baseline, and * p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME + vitamin D with vitamin D alone.

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  Figure 4. Effect of scavenging H2O2 via PEG-CAT on FID in adipose tissue resistance arterioles collected on the day of surgery (n = 15). FID measurements corresponding to intraluminal pressure gradients of 10–100 cm H2O in VAT arterioles (A) and SAT arterioles (B) with and without vitamin-D incubation. All measurements are presented as means ± standard error (SE); ₸ p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME with baseline, and † p < 0.05 comparing vitamin D with baseline.

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  Figure 5. Effect of vitamin-D supplementation prior to surgery on FID in adipose tissue resistance arterioles collected on the day of surgery. FID measurements corresponding to intraluminal pressure gradients of 10–100 cm H2O in VAT arterioles (A) and SAT arterioles (B) from subjects who administered vitamin-D supplements before surgery (n = 4) and subjects who did not (n = 11). Effect of L-NAME and vitamin-D incubation on FID in VAT arterioles (C) and SAT arterioles (D) from subjects who administered vitamin-D supplements before surgery (n = 4). All measurements are presented as means ± standard error (SE); ₸ p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME with baseline, † p < 0.05 comparing vitamin D with baseline, and * p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME + vitamin D with vitamin D alone.

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  Figure 6. Nitric oxide (NO) production in isolated adipose tissue arterioles collected on the day of surgery. Representative images by fluorescence microscopy of NO generation conditions at baseline and after incubation with L-NAME, PEG-CAT, vitamin D, vitamin D plus L-NAME, and vitamin D plus PEG-CAT in VAT arterioles (A) and SAT arterioles (B). Charts represent NO fluorescent signals that were measured and expressed in arbitrary units using NIH Image J software. All measures are represented as means ± SE; ₸ p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME with baseline, † p < 0.05 comparing vitamin D with baseline, * p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME + vitamin D with vitamin D alone.

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  Figure 7. Effect of vitamin D, L-NAME, and PEG-CAT on vasodilation of SAT arterioles collected three months after bariatric surgery (n = 8). FID measurements corresponding to intraluminal pressure gradients of 10–100 cm H2O in SAT arterioles at baseline and after incubation with L-NAME, PEG-CAT, vitamin D, vitamin D plus L-NAME, and vitamin D plus PEG-CAT (A,C). AchID measurements corresponding to increasing Ach concentrations (10−9 to 10−4 M) in SAT arterioles at baseline and after incubation with L-NAME, vitamin D, and vitamin D plus L-NAME (B). All measures are represented as means ± SE; ₸ p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME or PEG-CAT with baseline, and * p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME + vitamin D with vitamin D alone.

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  Figure 8. Comparison of the FID between SAT arterioles collected on the day of bariatric surgery and those collected three months after surgery. FID measurements corresponding to intraluminal pressure gradients of 10–100 cm H2O in SAT arterioles at baseline (A) and after incubation with L-NAME (B), vitamin D (C), and vitamin D plus L-NAME (D). All measures are represented as means ± SE; * p < 0.05 comparing post-surgery with surgery-obtained arterioles.

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  Figure 9. Comparison of the AchID between SAT arterioles collected on the day of bariatric surgery and those collected three months after surgery. AchID measurements corresponding to increasing Ach concentrations (10−9 to 10−4 M) in SAT arterioles at baseline (A) and after incubation with L-NAME (B), vitamin D (C), and vitamin D plus L-NAME (D). All measures are represented as means ± SE; * p < 0.05 comparing post-surgery with surgery-obtained arterioles.

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  Figure 10. NO production in isolated adipose tissue arterioles. (A) Representative images by fluorescence microscopy of NO generation conditions at baseline and after incubation with L-NAME in adipose tissue arterioles collected on the day of surgery (VAT and SAT day of surgery) and three months after surgery (SAT post-surgery). (B) Representative fluorescence microscopy images of NO generation conditions at baseline and after incubation with L-NAME, PEG-CAT, vitamin D, vitamin D plus L-NAME, and vitamin D plus PEG-CAT in SAT arterioles collected three months after surgery. Charts represent NO fluorescent signals that were measured and expressed in arbitrary units using NIH Image J software. All measures are represented as means ± SE; ₸ p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME with corresponding baseline in VAT, SAT day of surgery, and SAT post-surgery, ‡ p < 0.05 comparing SAT day of surgery and SAT post-surgery, † p < 0.05 comparing vitamin D with baseline, and * p < 0.05 comparing L-NAME + vitamin D with vitamin D alone.