Searching for ways to switch on brown fat: are we getting warmer?

Obesity rates are increasing alongside those of its co-morbidities, placing a huge strain on health systems across the globe. Evidence points to inappropriate levels of ectopic lipid accumulation outside of adipose tissue being a major factor in the progression of many of these diseases. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has a huge capacity to remove lipids from the circulatory system to fuel thermogenesis. Multiple studies have now confirmed the existence of active BAT in adult humans, making strategies aimed at activating it a potential therapeutic option in obese subjects. In recent years, researchers working in murine models have found a wide range of endogenous molecules with specific roles regulating BAT. These findings place BAT firmly within the wider network of physiological regulation covering global metabolism. They also highlight the possibility of targeting thermogenesis in a safe and specific manner to remove potentially harmful lipids released from stressed or failing white adipose tissue in obese states.