Computer simulations for the mechanical analysis of skeletal muscles

The structure of a skeletal muscle can be seen as a complex hierarchical organisation in which thousands of muscle fibers are arranged within a connective tissue network. Inside of the single muscle fibre many force‐producing cells, known as sarcomeres, are connected and take care of the contraction of the whole muscle. The material behaviour of muscles is nonlinear. Due to the fact that muscles can have large deformations in space, geometrical non‐linearities must additionally be taken into account. For the simulation of such a behaviour the finite element method is used in the present approach. The material behaviour of the muscle is split into a so‐called active and a passive part. To describe the passive part special unit cells consisting of one tetrahedral element and six truss elements have been derived. Additionally to these unit cells other truss elements are attached representing bundles of muscle fibers and therefore the active part of the material behaviour. The contractile behaviour of the muscle is mainly in.uenced by the stretch of the muscle fibres, the shortening velocity and the activation status of the muscle. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)