Severe pressures on many urban water utilities are the result of water shortages, high treatment costs, scarce supplies and rapid growth. Various water-conservation techniques can be used to reduce the demand for water by urban customers. These include restrictions on use, installation of water-saving devices, metering, horticultural changes, pressure reduction, reuse, and public education. The effects of metering, water-saving devices and price increases on residential water demand are explored for some typical communities. Secondary effects of conservation on revenue production and return flow are also discussed.
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J. Ernest Flack (1981) studied this question.