Ganefo I: Sports and Politics in Djakarta

GANEFO proved to be an ingenious move at this stage of Indonesia's international politics. It cost Indonesia very little. The political dividends were high for Indonesia. To the underdeveloped and socialist countries Indonesia demonstrated leadership by successfully defying the old and well-established Western tradition of the Olympics. She indirectly snubbed the United States and proved herself capable of putting on a surprisingly well-organized international competition. As an instrument of political warfare, the Games were a success.