A Nomogram Based on Apelin-12 for the Prediction of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention among Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Figure 1. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showing the association of variables with major adverse cardiovascular events.

Figure 2. Nomogram predicting 1- and 2-year major adverse cardiovascular events probability for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The nomogram allows the clinician to determine the probability of the 1-year and 2-year risk for an individual patient using a combination of covariates. Using the patient's age, you can draw a vertical line from that variable to the points scale. After repeating the process for each variable, the scores for each variable can be summed and located on the “Total Points” axis. Finally, a vertical line can be drawn straight down from the plotted total point axis to the probability axis to locate the likelihood of 1-year and 2-year risk.

Figure 3. The calibration curve for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events probability at (a) 1 year and (b) 2 years in the evaluation cohort and at (c) 1 year and (d) 2 years in the validation cohort. Nomogram-predicted probability of major adverse cardiovascular events is plotted on the X-axis; actual probability is plotted on the Y-axis.

Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier survival curves of the evaluation and validation cohorts categorized into low- and high-risk groups. A significant association between the risk score and MACEs was observed in the evaluation cohort (a) and confirmed in the validation cohort (b). Survival curves between the higher apelin-12 group (>0.76 ng/mL) and lower apelin-12 group (≤0.76 ng/mL) in the evaluation cohort (c) and the validation cohort (d).

Figure 5. Decision curve analysis of apelin-12 based nomogram and other already available risk scores in terms of major adverse cardiovascular events risk in the whole cohort. The X-axis represents the threshold probability. The Y-axis measures the net benefit. The red line illustrates the major adverse cardiovascular events risk nomogram. The threshold probability is where the expected benefit of treatment balances the expected benefit of avoiding treatment.