Review demonstrates the utility of real-time electrical impedance for tracking microbial biofilms, highlighting its role in improving susceptibility testing and individualized infection management.
Microbial biofilms contribute significantly to chronic and device-associated infections, exhibiting pronounced tolerance to antimicrobial therapies and host immunity. This review evaluates real-time electrical impedance-based technologies as complementary, label-free platforms for dynamic biofilm monitoring. We examine their applications in characterizing biofilm development, antimicrobial susceptibility, polymicrobial communities, and post-treatment regrowth, while discussing key methodological limitations, standardization requirements, and their potential to advance translational biofilm research and individualized infection management.
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Mira et al. (2026) studied this question.
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