Studies of the phylogeny and classification of long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)

Phylogenetic analyses of long-tongued bees were made using up to 82 taxa, 131 adult characters, and 77 lanal characters. Only two families of long-tongued bees are recognized, Megachilidae and Apidae. The Pararhophitini and Fideliini form a subfamily, Fideliinae, of Megachilidae. The subfamilies of Apidae recognized are Nomadinae, Xylocopinae, and Apinae. The tribes Isepeolini, Osirini, and Protepeolini are part of the Apinae, ncjt part of the Nomadinae. Prolepeolus'xs a junior synonym oi Leiopodus. The tribes Euglossini, Bombini, Apini, and Meliponini form a distinctive clade arising from within the subfamily Apinae. The Ctenoplectridae is reduced to tribal status within the Apinae. The Exomalopsini of authors is dismembered, forming the tribes Exomalopsini and Tapinotaspini, and the genus /lo/o,vr('//.s joining the Emphorini as a subtribe. Eucninoda is included in its own subtribe in the Eucerini and the Aicylini are tentatively separate from but close to the Eucerini. New family-group names (tribal and subtribal) proposed are Hexepeolini, Brachynomadini, Tapinotaspini, and Aicyloscelina.