Analysis of Coxsackievirus B5 Infections in the Central Nervous System in Brazil: Insights into Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity

Figures

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  Figure 1. Phylogenetic reconstruction of CVB5 VP1 gene (849 bp), based on Brazilian isolates from meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis cases (represented in blue) and their closely related representative genotypes (represented in red, green and black) and sequences. In the temporal maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree, the posterior probabilities are shown on color and size scale. Scale—the node circle size is proportional to posterior probability support. The strain name, year of sampling, and GenBank accession numbers are also presented.

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  Figure 2. CVB5 distribution among AFP and aseptic meningitis cases in Brazil, 2005–2018. Surveillance data for AFP and aseptic meningitis (black line) and distribution of CVB5 genogroups strains (histogram bars) over time.

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  Figure 3. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequences of the VP1 protein from Brazilian CVB5 isolates with the prototype sequence showing variable sites. The dots (.) denote amino acids that are identical to those found in the prototype strain, while the amino acid symbols denote amino acids that are not connected to the prototype. The frequency of aa along the protein is indicated by the letter sequence at the top of the picture.

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  Figure 4. Structural features of VP1 in the asymmetric unit of CVB5 show the sites with modifications and how they are exposed to the virus surface. (A) Map of the mutations identified in Brazilian CVB5 isolates on the asymmetric unit of Faulkner prototypic strain with VP1 represented as the tertiary structure and VP2 (cyan), VP3 (gray), and VP4 (green) represented as surfaces. The interacting loops were indicated as BC-Loop (residues from 82 to 90), DE-Loop (residues from 127 to 137), EF-Loop (residues from 148 to 166), FG-Loop (residues from 172 to 177), and HI-Loop (residues from 223 to 230). The position of the hydrophobic pocket, where the palmitic acid molecule is bound, was represented as a yellow transparent surface. Mutations were represented by the residue Cα atom represented as vdW sphere. (B) Rotation of 180° showing of the VP1 N-terminus in the capsid inner face. (C) VP1 N-terminus was represented as the electrostatic surface showing the Faulkner strain G19 position and representative sequences OK031028, OK031030, and OK31031, showing the substitutions G19S and the sequence I18M, G19S, and G19E. (D) BC-Loop was represented as the electrostatic surface showing in detail the…