Ultrafine metal particles produced by evaporation in an inert gas connect into large clusters that can be described by a fractal dimension at length scales less than a correlation length. An effective medium theory for fractal structures is developed for the case where both the particles and the surrounding medium percolate. A structural parameter which can be related to the fractal dimension is present in the theory. Comparisons to experimental results on the optical properties of gas-evaporated coatings show very good agreement for the case of oxide-coated metal particles. For electrically conducting gold blacks the shapes of theoretical and experimental curves are in qualitative agreement.
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Gunnar A. Niklasson (1987) studied this question.
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