The Pathogenic Role of Oxidative Stress, Cytokine Expression, and Impaired Hematological Indices in Diabetic Cardiovascular Diseases

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram presenting inclusion and exclusion criteria and experimental design.

Fig. 2. The changes in the values of A cholesterol, B HDL, C LDL, D triglycerides, E vLDL F risk factor 1, G risk factor 2, and H anti-atherogenic index among healthy controls, myocardial infarction (non-diabetic and diabetic), and heart failure (non-diabetic and diabetic) groups. Mean values and SEM are represented. A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the post hoc test using a pairwise multiple-comparative analysis was used to determine the statistical difference between groups, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as compared to healthy control and with #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 as compared with non-diabetic groups. N.S. was not significant. LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; vLDL, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Fig. 3. The changes in the values of A IL-6, B IL-18, C IL-35, D IL-38, E CRP, F MDA, and G SOD among healthy controls, myocardial infarction (non-diabetic and diabetic), and heart failure (non-diabetic and diabetic) groups. Mean values and SEM are represented. A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the post hoc test using a pairwise multiple-comparative analysis was used to determine the statistical difference between groups, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 when compared to healthy control and with #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 when compared with non-diabetic groups. N.S. was not significant. IL, interleukin; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; C-RP, C-reactive protein.

Fig. 4. The changes in the values of A RDW%, B MPV, C PCT%, D PDW%, E N/L ratio, F L/M ratio, and G P/L ratio among healthy controls, myocardial infarction (non-diabetic and diabetic), and heart failure (non-diabetic and diabetic) groups. Mean values and SEM are represented. A non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the post hoc test using a pairwise multiple-comparative analysis was used to determine the statistical difference between groups, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 when compared to healthy control and with #p < 0.05 when compared with non-diabetic groups. N.S. was not significant. PDW, platelets distribution width; RDW, red distribution width; PCT, plateletcrit; MPV, mean platelets volume; N/L, neutrophil/lymphocyte, N/L, lymphocyte/monocyte; P/L, platelets/lymphocyte.