An approach to the evaluation and management of syncope in adults

#### Summary points Cohort and population based studies suggest that around 40% of the adult population has experienced a syncopal episode (usually described as a “faint” or “blackout”),1 2 w1 w2 with women more likely than men to report such an episode.w1-3 The incidence is higher with advancing age,2 w3 and this trend coincides with the increase in prescription of vasoactive drugs and increasing incidence of cardiac arrhythmia in the elderly population. Although comprehensive reviews and guidelines are available for specialists who care for patients referred with syncope,3 4 w4 w5 guidance for the non-specialist is sparse. This review provides guidance for generalists who encounter patients who have had transient loss of consciousness that may be syncopal in nature. It is based on cohort studies, randomised controlled trial evidence, and expert consensus guidelines. #### Sources and selection criteria We searched Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane databases for English articles whose titles included the keywords “syncope”, “vasovagal syncope”, “orthostatic hypotension”, tilt table test”, “cardiac arrhythmia”, or “sudden cardiac death”, with and without the limits “meta-analysis”, “review”, and “randomised controlled trial”. We also consulted recent international guidelines on syncope (including the specialist societies the European Society of Cardiology and the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation), and reviewed our personal archives and relevant current textbooks. Patients with transient loss of consciousness often present non-specifically with an episode of …