Using the electro-absorptive properties of ≈ 150 Å quantum wells in an asymmetric Fabry–Perot modulator (AFPM), a normally-off reflection modulator with very low drive voltage was demonstrated. With this device contrasts of more than 6 dB at normal incidence in reflection have been achieved, with a voltage swing of only 3.5 V and ≤3 dB insertion loss.
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Whitehead et al. (1990) studied this question.