Association of Insulin Resistance with Vascular Ageing in a General Caucasian Population: An EVA Study

Figures

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  Figure 4. Odds ratio of determinants of EVA vs. HVA + NVA with insulin resistance indexes in adults aged 35–75 years. Adjusted for age, sex, antihypertensive, lipid-lowering and hypoglycaemic drugs. Abbreviations: EVA, early vascular ageing; HVA, healthy vascular ageing; NVA, normal vascular ageing; cfPWV, carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity; baPWV, brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; TyG index, triglyceride and glucose index; T/HDL-c ratio, triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; LAP index, lipid accumulation product index; WHt ratio, waist-to-height ratio; VA index, visceral adiposity index.

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  Figure 1. Flow diagram describing the reference population (43,946), those included and excluded, as well as exclusion criteria by age group and sex. A total of 259 subjects did not meet the inclusion criteria; 177 did not agree to participate in the study; 74 (other) subjects were not located due to changes in address or telephone number.

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  Figure 2. Distribution of participants fitting the two criteria in each of the groups: healthy vascular ageing, normal vascular ageing, and early vascular ageing. (a) The 10th and 90th carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity percentiles of the population studied by age and sex; (b) the 10th and 90th brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity percentiles of the population studied by age and sex, classified thus: above the 90th percentile was considered early vascular ageing; between the 10th and 90th percentiles was considered normal vascular ageing; and below the 10th percentile was considered healthy vascular ageing. Abbreviations: EVA, early vascular ageing; HVA, healthy vascular ageing; NVA, normal vascular ageing; cfPWV, carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity, baPWV brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity; DM, diabetes mellitus.

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  Figure 3. Proportion of vascular ageing status global and by sex. (a) cfPWV and (b) baPWV. Abbreviations: EVA, early vascular ageing; HVA, healthy vascular ageing; NVA, normal vascular ageing; cfPWV, carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity; baPWV, brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity.