Altered vascular function in chronic kidney disease: evidence from passive leg movement

Figures

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  Figure 1. Hyperemia induced by passive leg movement (PLM). Second‐by‐second average LBF responses during PLM for CKD patients and healthy controls (CON) (A). Note: Figure A illustrates general blood flow trends that occurred during PLM. As the analyses were performed on data from individuals who exhibited varying response kinetics, second‐by‐second averaging removes some of the information obtained in individual recordings. Therefore, mean values for peak LBF (B) and ∆peakLBF (C) achieved within each group are also illustrated separately. LBF, leg blood flow; ∆peakLBF, change in leg blood flow from baseline to peak; CON, healthy controls; CKD, chronic kidney disease; *P < 0.05.

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  Figure 2. Associations between renal function and hyperemia evoked by passive leg movement (PLM). Renal function as indicated by eGFR was significantly associated with peak LBF (A) and ∆peakLBF (B) achieved during PLM in all subjects (solid line). Correlations between PLM‐induced hyperemia and eGFR for only patients with CKD are also presented (dashed line). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LBF, leg blood flow; ∆peakLBF, change in leg blood flow from baseline to peak; *P < 0.05.

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  Figure 3. Brachial artery responsiveness to flow‐mediated dilation (FMD). Brachial artery responsiveness, as quantified by the maximal percent change in diameter from baseline (%FMD) during the 2 min immediately following the release of cuff occlusion, was significantly reduced in CKD patients when compared to controls. CON, healthy controls; CKD, chronic kidney disease; *P < 0.05.

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  Figure 4. Associations between habitual physical activity and hyperemia evoked by passive leg movement (PLM). Habitual physical activity as expressed in average steps per day was significantly associated with both peak LBF (A) and ∆peakLBF (B) for all participants. Moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) as measured in minutes per week was also correlated with peak LBF (C) and ∆peakLBF (D). BF, leg blood flow; ∆peakLBF, change in leg blood flow from baseline to peak; CON, healthy controls; CKD, chronic kidney disease; *P < 0.05.

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  Figure 5. ADMA and MDA serum concentrations. ADMA concentrations were significantly higher in CKD patients when compared to controls (A). MDA concentrations were greater in CKD versus controls (B), however this difference was not statistically significant. ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; MDA, malondialdehyde; CKD, chronic kidney disease, CON, healthy controls; *P < 0.05.