Caveolin-1 Is Essential for the Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity through AKT Activation during Glargine Treatment on Diabetic Mice

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow chart of the experimental design.

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  Figure 2. Comparison of weight and FBG between NC and T2DM groups. Body weight of T2DM mice increased significantly after HFD feeding for two weeks (a). FBG was elevated in the T2DM group after STZ injection for two weeks (b) (data presented as mean ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05 vs. NC mice, n = 5).

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  Figure 3. Blood glucose levels and AUCs of blood glucose in NC and T2DM group after IPGTT (a, b) and IPITT (c, d) (data presented as mean ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05 vs. NC mice, n = 5).

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  Figure 4. The expression of Caveolin-1, p-AKT/AKT, and PI3K in adipose tissue of NC, type 2 diabetic mice, and insulin-treated T2DM mice (a). The band intensity of Caveolin-1, p-AKT/AKT, and PI3K was quantified as shown in (b–d), respectively (data presented as mean ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05 vs. NC mice. #P < 0.05 compared with T2DM mice, n = 5).

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  Figure 5. The expression of Caveolin-1, p-AKT/AKT, and PI3K among five different groups (a). The band intensity of Caveolin-1, p-AKT/AKT, and PI3K was quantified as shown in (b–d), respectively (data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the insulin group. #P < 0.05 compared with the Ctrl-shRNA group; a represents P < 0.05 compared with the NC group, and b represents P < 0.05 compared with the T2DM group, n = 5).

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  Figure 6. The doses of glargine required to maintain blood glucose in the CAV1-shRNA and insulin groups (a). The fluctuation of blood glucose in the CAV1-shRNA and insulin groups (b) (data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the insulin group, n = 5).

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  Figure 7. Immunofluorescence results of the visceral adipose tissue from all five groups. Representatives of fluorescent microscope images stained with Caveolin-1 (green), GLUT4 (red), and DAPI (blue). Images of the adipose tissue were taken using a microscope under 20x objective lens (data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ∗P < 0.05 compared with the insulin group. #P < 0.05 compared with the Ctrl-shRNA group, a represents P < 0.05 compared with the NC group, and b represents P < 0.05 compared with the insulin, n = 5).