Review demonstrates enhanced stability and catalytic performance of immobilized enzymes against emerging contaminants, highlighting scalable bioremediation approaches.
Key Points
To review recent advances, support materials, and operational challenges in enzyme immobilization techniques for the biodegradation of emerging environmental pollutants.
Synthesized evidence on key degrading enzymes including laccase, peroxidases, catalase, and organophosphorus hydrolase.
Critically compared immobilization carriers such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), magnetic nanomaterials, biochar, and carbon-based matrices.
Enzyme immobilization effectively resolves the major drawbacks of free enzymes by substantially improving operational stability, activity retention, and reusability.
Identified critical bottlenecks in current systems, particularly mass-transfer resistance, potential by-product toxicity, and engineering hurdles in industrial scaling.
Highlighted emerging paradigms such as artificial intelligence-assisted carrier design and multi-enzyme cascade systems as viable avenues to optimize degradation efficiency.