Key result
Smoking is a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality, advancing cardiovascular mortality by more than five years.
Design
Review
Authors
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May warrant enhanced cessation support in routine care; leaves open prospective trials to refine risk estimates.
This review highlights the extensive pathophysiological mechanisms by which smoking causes cardiovascular disease and emphasizes the critical importance of smoking cessation for primary and secondary prevention.
Das et al. (2016) conducted a review in Cardiovascular disease. Smoking vs. Non-smoking was evaluated. Smoking is a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality, advancing cardiovascular mortality by more than five years.
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