Farnesol Protects against Cardiotoxicity Caused by Doxorubicin-Induced Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death: An In Vivo Study in Wistar Rats

Figures

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  Figure 1. Showing the experimental design used in the study.

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  Figure 2. Showing the effect of FSN on DOXO-induced altered cardiac injury markers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (A), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) (B), cardiac Troponin-T (cTn-T) (C) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (D). ### p < 0.001 significant versus control; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 significant versus TOXIC and ns is non-significant versus TOXIC.

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  Figure 3. Showing the effect of FSN on DOXO-induced altered non-specific cardiac injury markers, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (A), and ala-nine transaminase (ALT) (B). ### p < 0.001 significant versus control; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 significant versus TOXIC and ns is non-significant versus TOXIC.

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  Figure 4. Showing the effect of FSN on DOXO-induced oxidative and nitrative stress enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) (A), Catalase (B), glutathione (GSH) (C), malondialdehyde (MDA) (D) and nitric oxide (NO) (E). ### p < 0.001 significant versus control; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 significant versus TOXIC, and ns is non-significant versus TOXIC.

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  Figure 5. Showing the effect of FSN on DOXO-induced elevation of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (A), IL-6 (B), IL-1β (C), decrease in cytokines IL-10 (D) and increase in apoptotic marker Caspase-3 (E). ### p < 0.001 significant versus control; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 significant versus TOXIC, and ns is non-significant versus TOXIC.

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  Figure 6. (A–F), showing the effect of FSN on DOXO-induced histopathological abrasions in the cardiac tissue. DOXO treated group showed marked histopathological damage such as cellular disintegration, vacuolation, pyknosis and myofibrillar damage. Treated with FSN 200 and NIFI 10 significantly reduced the histomorphological damage whereas FSN 100 was found to be ineffective [scale bar 50 µm]. FSN 200 per se showed similar histopathological attributes as those exhibited by the control group. Hence, the safety of FSN 200 was also validated.