Graphene quantum Hall resistance standard for realizing the unit of electrical resistance under relaxed experimental conditions

Following the revision of the International System of Units in 2019, the unit of electrical resistance (the familiar ohm) is defined in terms of Planck's constant h and the elementary charge e. The primary standard for the ohm is based on GaAs quantum Hall resistance devices operating under extreme conditions, which hinders application outside national metrology institutes. This study presents , graphene-based quantum Hall resistance standards that can be employed under relaxed conditions for practical metrology, supplanting the GaAs standard. These graphene devices can lead to broader dissemination of primary resistance standards in calibration laboratories and industry.