Hemodynamic, Autonomic, and Vascular Function Changes after Sleep Deprivation for 24, 28, and 32 Hours in Healthy Men

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Study protocol. Measurements of cardiovascular system parameters were obtained at four points during the study: on the first day of the study (after adaptive night) and after 24, 28, and 32 hours of SD. Blood sampling for biochemical parameters took place twice: on the first day of the study and after 24 hours of SD. SD, sleep deprivation; BP, blood pressure.

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  Fig. 2. Representative beat-to-beat analysis of impedance cardiography, electrocardiogram, and non-invasive continuous blood pressure measurement observed in one patient. HR, heart rate; SI, stroke index; CI, cardiac index; IC, index of contractility; TPRI, total peripheral resistance index; sBP, systolic blood pressure; dBP, diastolic blood pressure; mBP, mean blood pressure; LVWI, left ventricular work index; LVET, left ventricular ejection time; TFC, thoracic fluid content.

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  Fig. 3. Mean values of HR, sBP, dBP, and mBP after 24-h SD, 28-h SD, and 32-h SD. Statistical analysis showed a significant effect for time on these parameters. SD, sleep deprivation; HR, heart rate; sBP, systolic blood pressure; dBP, diastolic blood pressure; mBP, mean blood pressure.