Information Flow Between Heart Rhythm, Repolarization, and the Diastolic Interval Series for Healthy Individuals and LQTS1 Patients

Figures

• 

  FIGURE 1. A schematic drawing of the ECG signal with marked RR interval, QT interval, and DI time series.

• 

  FIGURE 2. Shannon entropy H of the individual processes given by single time series: RR intervals, QT intervals, and diastolic intervals, respectively. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used, p-values: H(RR): 0.04348, H(QT): 1.41241E-7, H(DI): 0.0998.

• 

  FIGURE 3. New information produced in the processes: RR intervals, QT intervals, and diastolic intervals, respectively. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used, p-values: 0.3517 [N(RR)], 0.01124 [N(QT)], and 0.11007 [N(DI)].

• 

  FIGURE 4. Self-entropy of the processes: RR intervals, QT intervals, and diastolic intervals, respectively. p-Values: SE(RR): 0.00394, SE(QT): 4.91195E-10, SE(DI): 0.06205.

• 

  FIGURE 5. (A) Transfer entropy from the RR intervals to the QT intervals and in the opposite direction (B) for healthy individuals and for LQTS1 patients. p-Values: RR->QT: 8.46283E-9, QT->RR: 0.07761.

• 

  FIGURE 6. (A) Transfer entropy from the diastolic intervals to the QT intervals and in the opposite direction (B) for healthy individuals and for LQTS1 patients. p-Values: DI->QT: 1.60104E-9, QT->RR: 0.94574.

• 

  FIGURE 7. (A) Probability density of the difference in the transfer entropy from the RR intervals to the QT intervals and in the opposite direction for healthy individuals and for LQTS1 patients. (B) Probability density of the difference in the transfer entropy from the diastolic intervals to the QT intervals and in the opposite direction for healthy individuals and for LQTS1 patients.

• 

  FIGURE 8. (A) Boxplot of the difference between TE in both directions for the heart rhythm (RR intervals) and the repolarization (QT intervals). (B) Boxplot of the difference between TE in both directions for the diastolic interval series (diastolic intervals) and the repolarization (QT intervals). p-Values: dTE(RR,QT): 8.57094E-9; dTE(DI,QT): 7.55201E-8.

• 

  FIGURE 9. Boxplot difference between TE in both directions for the diastolic intervals and heart rhythm (RR intervals). p-Value: 2.74318E-6.

• 

  FIGURE 10. (A) Conditional transfer entropy for the information flow between repolarization (QT) and heart rhythm (RR intervals) given the diastolic intervals (DIs) for healthy individuals and for LQTS1 patients. (B) Conditional transfer entropy for the information flow between repolarization (QT) and the DIs given the heart rhythm (RR intervals) for healthy individuals and for LQTS1 patients. p-Values: dTE(QT,RR| DI): 0.52989, dTE(QT,DI| RR): 0.00205.

• 

  FIGURE 11. Conditional transfer entropy difference for the information flow between heart rhythm (RR intervals) and the diastolic intervals given the repolarization (QT intervals) for healthy individuals and for LQTS1 patients. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used, p-value = 0.002.

• 

  FIGURE 12. Information interaction for healthy individuals and for LQTS1 patients for three combinations of the variables: RR intervals, QT intervals, and diastolic intervals. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used, p-values: IR⁢R;D⁢IQ⁢T: 2.105E-13, IR⁢R;Q⁢TD⁢I: < 10−3, IQ⁢T;D⁢IR⁢R: < 10−3.