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A wideband and optically transparent water patch antenna with a broadside radiation pattern is presented. Both the patch and the ground plane are composed of distilled water, enclosed by the transparent plexiglass container. Air is utilized as the middle substrate so that highly optical transparency can be achieved with low-cost materials. A metallic L-shaped probe is employed in the air substrate to excite the water patch. The performance turns out that a wide impedance bandwidth of 34.9% (from 1.61 to 2.29 GHz with standing wave ratio (SWR) <; 2), the maximum gain of 6.6 dBi and a radiation efficiency up to 75% can be achieved.
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Sun et al. (2019) studied this question.
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