Evaluation of neem as a bird repellent chemical

Neem extract (Azadirachta indica) is effective as an insect antifeedant, and limited evidence suggests that it may be useful as a repellent for birds. The present experiments were designed to test this proposition. In Experiment 1, European Starlings [Sturnus vulgaris) were presented with feed adulterated with a commercially available neem preparation (Nimin®). The results showed that the highest test concentration (1.5% m/m) was avoided. In Experiment 2, starlings were presented with an aqueous extract of neem leaves and serial dilutions of that extract. All extract concentrations were avoided relative to untreated water. We conclude that neem is an economical and biologically safe bird repellent and that it may be useful in developing nations where neem is indigenous or introduced, and when synthetic pesticides are difficult to obtain or expensive.