Cavitation and the state of stress in a flowing liquid

The problem of the inception of cavitation is formulated in terms of a comparison of the breaking strength or cavitation threshold at each point in a liquid sample with the principal stresses there. A criterion of maximum tension is proposed which unifies the theory of cavitation, the theory of maximum tensile strength of liquid filaments and the theory of fracture of amorphous solids. Liquids at atmospheric pressure which cannot withstand tension will cavitate when and where tensile stresses due to motion exceed one atmosphere. A cavity will open in the direction of the maximum tensile stress which is 45° from the plane of shearing in pure shear of a Newtonian fluid. Experiments which support these ideas are discussed and some new experiments are proposed.