The wind-driven circulation of a simple model of the oceanic circulation (linear and homogeneous) is investigated in detail to delineate the role of the Ekman layer mass flux in driving hitherto overlooked components of the oceanic circulation. The role of upwelling boundary-layer regions in driving interior geostrophic circulations is discussed in detail. Several interesting circulations hidden in the earlier transport theories are described.
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Joseph Pedlosky (1968) studied this question.
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