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This paper presents an in-depth investigation of both isolated and non-isolated outphasing power amplifiers, with and without supply modulation. X-band GaN MMIC power amplifiers with 70% power-added efficiency and 2.7 W output power at 10.1 GHz are configured in hybrid outphasing circuits with several combiners that include bi-directional couplers, enabling calibrated measurements of internal load modulation. It is experimentally demonstrated that the load modulation critically depends on the power balance of the two internal MMIC PAs. Despite the additional loss in the combiner, peak total efficiencies greater than 47% are achieved by full outphasing PAs with more than 3.7 W of output power. A comparison between several outphasing configurations quantifies the improvement in efficiency for both isolated and non-isolated outphasing PAs with supply modulation.
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Litchfield et al. (2015) studied this question.
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