Research Progress of Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Cardiac Remodeling

Figures

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  Figure 1. The source and formation of exosomes. Early endosomes are generated by the plasma membrane budding inward and mature into the late endosome. Late endosome becomes multivesicular body (MVB) through regulation of ESCRT and ATPase VPS4. MVBs release exosomes into the extracellular space through MVB transport, docking and MVB-PM fusion processes, or are degraded by the lysosome.

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  Figure 2. Trafficking and biological function of exosomal miRNAs. The majority of miRNAs are coded by their own genes and transported to the cytoplasm and enters the exosome. Exosomal miRNA regulates post-transcriptional gene expression after taken up by a neighboring or distant cell. It binds the target mRNA according to partial sequence complementarity. By forming a complex with specific proteins, miRNAs inhibit protein synthesis.

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  Figure 3. Role of exosomal miRNAs in cardiac remodeling. Cardiac remodeling mainly includes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis and cardiac immunity. Different exosomal miRNAs cause cardiac remodeling through different mechanisms and even multiple mechanisms.