Protective Effects of Biscoclaurine Alkaloids on Leukopenia Induced by 60Co‐γ Radiation

Figures

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  Figure 1. Animal treatments. Notes: Mice in the sham-IR group were given an oral gavage with the same volume of vehicle once a day from day −3 to day 15, and did not expose to 60Co-γ radiation. IR + vehicle group received the same volume of vehicle by oral gavage once a day from day −3 to day 15, and exposed to 60Co-γ radiation at day 0. The rhG-CSF group was exposed to the radiation at day 0 and was subcutaneously injected with rhG-CSF 1 h after the radiation, once a day for 7 days; and the group was given an oral gavage with the same volume of vehicle once a day from day −3 to day 0 and from day 7 to day 15. Mice in the BA group received multiple doses of BA by oral gavage, once a day, from day −3 to day 15. Vehicle: the same volume of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose, once a day, by oral gavage. BA: biscoclaurine alkaloids, at 5, 10, 20 mg/kg, once a day, by oral gavage. rhG-CSF: recombinant human G-CSF, at 100 μg/kg, once a day, by subcutaneous injection.

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  Figure 2. Effects of BA on peripheral WBC (leucocyte) in mice (mean ± SEM, n=10). Notes: (a) Peripheral WBC of mice at day −3. (b) Peripheral WBC of mice at day 3. (c) Peripheral WBC of mice at day 7. (d) Peripheral WBC of mice at day 15. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001 compared with the sham-IR group at the same time point; #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 compared with the IR + vehicle group at the same time point.

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  Figure 3. Effects of BA on peripheral Platelets in mice (mean ± SEM, n = 10). Notes: Peripheral PLT of mice at day 15. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, compared with the sham-IR group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, compared with the IR + vehicle group.

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  Figure 4. Effects of BA on peripheral cytokines and cell adhesion molecules (mean ± SEM, n = 10). Notes: (a) Peripheral IFN-γ level. (b) Peripheral GM-CSF level. (c) Peripheral VCAM-1 level. ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01 compared with the sham-IR group; #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 compared with the IR + vehicle group.

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  Figure 5. Effects of BA on spleen tissues of 60Co-γ-irradiated mice stained with HE. (a) Sham + IR. (b) IR + vehicle. (c) rhG-CSF. (d) L-BA. (e) M-BA. (f) H-BA. Sections were stained with HE and viewed at a magnification of ×100. Green arrow: white pulp atrophy. Yellow arrow: red pulp myeloid cells proliferation. Blue arrow: vacuolation.

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  Figure 6. Effects of BA on the spleen ultrastructure. (a) Sham-IR. (b) IR + vehicle. (c) rhG-CSF. (d) L-BA. (e) M-BA. (f) H-BA. Sections were viewed at a magnification of ×30,000. Green arrow: mitochondrial with normal mitochondrial cristae and complete membrane. Red arrow: mitochondrial with swelling, vacuoles, or even degeneration. Blue arrow: chromatin condensation and margination.

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  Figure 7. Effects of BA on the antioxidant capacity of 60Co-γ-irradiated mice (mean ± SEM, n = 10). Notes: (a) MDA level in mice liver. (b) SOD level in mice liver. (c) XOD level in mice liver. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001, compared with the sham-IR group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, and ###P < 0.001, compared with the IR + vehicle group.

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  Figure 8. Effects of BA on liver tissues of 60Co-γ-irradiated mice stained with HE. (a) sham + IR. (b) IR + vehicle. (c) rhG-CSF. (d) L-BA. (e) M-BA. (f) H-BA. Sections were stained with HE and viewed at a magnification of ×100. Green arrow: cellular swelling. Blue arrow: karyopyknosis.

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  Figure 9. Effects of BA on the liver ultrastructure. (a) Sham-IR. (b) IR + vehicle. (c) rhG-CSF. (d) L-BA. (e) M-BA. (f) H-BA. Sections were viewed at a magnification of ×30,000. Green arrow: mitochondrial with normal mitochondrial cristae and complete membrane. Yellow arrow: mitochondrial with swelling, vacuoles, or even degeneration. Red arrow: rough endoplasmic reticulum fracture. Blue arrow: normal rough endoplasmic reticulum.