Global Infection Rate of Rotavirus C during 1980–2022 and Analysis of Critical Factors in the Host Range Restriction of Virus VP4

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the literature search and selection process for this study.

Figure 2. Bar chart of the RVC infection rates worldwide. (A) Bar chart of the RVC infection rates for 1980–2022, with the infected host as a partition unit and segmented nodes, as shown. (B) Bar chart of the infection rates of human infection with RVC at the intercontinental level. (C) Bar chart of the infection rates of RVC in animals (including swine, bovine, canine, and mink) across continents.

Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of RVC VP4. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum-likelihood method based on the GTR+G+I model, and bootstrap values were calculated with 1000 replicates. The sequence information used in the phylogenetic analysis is shown in Table S2.

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the specificity differences of the inserted and deleted motifs for RVC genotype P [2]/P [4]/P [5]. The structure of rotavirus virions and the VP8* structure of RVA were obtained from the Protein Data Bank online website (PDB: 4V7Q). RVC VP8* 3D structure (PDB: 5ZHG). The VP8* 3D structure of the P [4]/P [5] genotype was obtained by SWISS-MODEL homology modeling. In addition, the specific differences are as follows: for human P [2], swine P [4] has the insertion of the ‘L-X-I’ (where X is an unknown amino acid) motif, while swine P [5] has the deletion of the ‘N-P-G-I’ motif.

Figure 5. Prediction of human RVC VP8* B-cell epitopes and the recognition of host cell glycan complexes. (A) Shows a 90°-flip of the image in (B). A total of seven epitopes were predicted, the first of which was ‘I-E-W-S-N-L-I’, as highlighted in purple. The second was ‘L-N’, as highlighted in red. The third was ‘G-K-S-G-T-T’, as highlighted in light green. The fourth was ‘Q-N-K-T-H-D-A-N-S’, as highlighted in gold. The fifth was ‘E-G-S-T-Q-L’, as highlighted in dark green. The sixth was ‘V-G-G-I-L-I-K-P-I-N-S-S’, as highlighted in blue. The seventh was ‘N-W-N-H-E-F-P-R-S-N-P-G-I-N’, as highlighted in orange. The position of the P [4]/P [5] genotype-specific insertion or deletion motif of swine RVC is indicated by red boxes. (C) Human RVC recognition of the host cell glycan complex VP8* protein 3D structure (PDB: 5ZHO).