Review of Some Processes for Ceramic‐to‐metal Joining

Various methods are discussed for the joining of ceramics to metals and vice versa. State‐of‐the‐art techniques including refractory metallizations and active metal brazing are detailed from both a processing and applications standpoint. Various approaches to forming ceramic/metal joints or thin film coatings have been developed over the years to address the need to combine the properties of both types of materials for both electrical and structural applications. These methods address not only physical and chemical compatibility concerns but also the need for bonds between dissimilar materials to survive the rigors of use generated by such inevitable mismatches as can be found in expansion, elastic, reactive and thermal cycling behavior.