Key result
Passive exercise via enhanced external counterpulsation significantly reduced the first peak amplitude in the left carotid artery of patients with coronary artery disease during exercise (p=0.036).
Why the study?
Whether frequency-domain characteristics of peripheral hemodynamics benefit from passive exercise via enhanced external counterpulsation in patients with coronary artery disease needed verification.
Does a single session of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) alter frequency-domain characteristics of peripheral hemodynamics differently in patients with CAD compared to healthy controls?
Does a single session of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) alter frequency-domain characteristics of peripheral hemodynamics differently in patients with CAD compared to healthy controls?
Passive exercise via EECP induces distinct frequency-domain hemodynamic responses in the carotid and brachial arteries of CAD patients compared to healthy controls, highlighting altered vascular impedance and energy distribution.
Purpose: The enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP), a kind of passive exercise, is a novel non-invasive therapy used to improve peripheral perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, whether frequency-domain characteristics of peripheral hemodynamics may benefit from passive exercise needs to be verified. Methods: We recruited 21 patients with CAD and 21 healthy controls in this study. Ultrasonic blood flow velocity spectrum in left carotid (LC) and right carotid (RC) common arteries, and right brachial (RB) and right femoral (RF) arteries was monitored using an ultrasonic Doppler. Frequency-domain characteristics before, during, and after passive exercise were extracted from ultrasonic spectrum images. The first and second peak amplitudes/frequencies (y1, y2, x1, x2) and power spectral energy ratio (PSER) in the 0–2.05 Hz/0.87 Hz (p5, p6) were calculated by fast Fourier transform and power spectrum density analysis. Results: For the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the spectrum, y1 in the LC of patients with CAD was significantly decreased during exercise (p = 0.036), whereas, y2 was significantly decreased immediately after passive exercise (p = 0.038). Besides those, y1 only in the RC and RB of controls was significantly decreased during exercise. Immediately after exercise, y2 in the LC of control was significantly lower than at the baseline (p = 0.014). For the energy ratio characteristics of the spectrum, there was an opposite response in the two groups that p6 was significantly reduced and elevated in the LC of controls and in the RB of patients with CAD during exercise (both p < 0.05). Conclusions: Passive exercise reduces amplitude and frequency characteristics of carotid arteries, while there was an opposite response of energy ratio characteristics in the LC and RB arteries to passive exercise between CAD patients and controls. Additionally, energy ratio characteristics of spectrum in the brachial artery were markedly elevated in CAD patients during passive exercise. Moreover, passive exercise only reduces amplitude characteristics of LC artery in the control group.
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Zhang et al. (2021) studied Coronary Artery Disease (n=42). Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) vs. Healthy controls / Baseline was evaluated on First peak amplitude (y1) in the left carotid artery during passive exercise (p=0.036). Passive exercise via enhanced external counterpulsation significantly reduced the first peak amplitude in the left carotid artery of patients with coronary artery disease during exercise (p=0.036).
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