Visualization and grading of regional ischemia in pigs in vivo using near-infrared and thermal imagingThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Dysfunction, Dhalla 70th Birthday Tribute.

Reductions in regional coronary flow result in tissue deoxygenation and decrease in surface temperature, changes detectable by near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) and thermal imaging, respectively. In anesthetized open-chest pigs, an inflatable occluder and flow probe were placed around the left anterior descending artery. Gated NIRS and nongated thermal images were acquired at baseline, partial (17% and 50%), and complete occlusion and reflow. At each step, dobutamine was infused (10 microg.min(-1).kg(-1)) for 7-9 min to increase blood pressure and flow. Changes in the oxygen saturation parameter, rate of indocyanine green flow tracer passage, and the surface temperature were correlated with the measured left anterior descending artery flow. Location and sizes of the areas of reduced oxygenation, indocyanine green uptake, and temperature were similar. Decrease in the coronary flow to 50% and 17% of baseline resulted in progressive decrease in the above parameters, whereas increase in flow from 75% to approximately 250% achieved by dobutamine and reactive hyperemia did not significantly change them. Dobutamine increased total and epicardial flow in ischemic areas and increased subepicardial oxygenation. NIRS and thermal imaging provide epicardial maps of oxygen saturation and perfusion that reveal ischemic areas. Combination of these techniques may be useful in the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery setting.