The Effects of a Whey Protein and Guar Gum-Containing Preload on Gastric Emptying, Glycaemia, Small Intestinal Absorption and Blood Pressure in Healthy Older Subjects

Figures

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  Figure 1. Retention in the total stomach, following ingestion of 50 g glucose in 300 mL water, on the control and preload days. Results of repeated measures ANOVA are reported as p-values for differences by treatment (treatment), differences over time (time) and differences due to the interaction of treatment and time (treatment × time). Data are means ± SEM (n = 17).

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  Figure 2. Plasma glucose (A), plasma insulin (B) and serum 3-OMG (C) on the control and preload days. Results of ANOVA are reported as p-values for differences by treatment (treatment), differences over time (time) and differences due to the interaction of treatment and time (treatment × time). Post hoc comparisons, adjusted by Bonferroni’s correction, were performed if ANOVA values (treatment × time) were significant. + p < 0.05 and ++ p < 0.01. Data are mean values ± SEM (n = 18 for plasma glucose and insulin and n = 17 for 3-OMG).

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  Figure 3. Superior mesenteric artery blood flow on the control and preload days. Results of ANOVA are reported as p-values for differences by treatment (treatment), differences over time (time) and differences due to the interaction of treatment and time (treatment*time). Post hoc comparisons, adjusted by Bonferroni’s correction, were performed if ANOVA values (treatment × time) were significant. + p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01, +++ p < 0.001. Data are mean values ± SEM (n = 18).

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  Figure 4. Systolic (A) and diastolic blood pressure (BP) (B) and heart rate (C) on the control and preload days. Data are mean values ± SEM (n = 18).

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  Figure 5. Relationship between the difference in incremental areas under the curves (iAUCs) for plasma glucose between the preload and control days and the difference in AUCs for serum 3-OMG between the preload and control days (n = 17).