Heat Transfer Analysis of Ternary Magnetic Nanofluid Flow Inside a Square Cavity With Thermal Radiation

This article numerically investigates the two-dimensional flow and heat transfer characteristics of a thermally radiative ternary hybrid nanofluid inside a closed enclosure, considering the effects of a heat-generating source and a magnetic field. A mixture of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), silver (Ag), alumina (Al2O3), and water (H2O) is used as a ternary hybrid nanoliquid. This study provides insight into enhanced heat transfer behavior of ternary magnetic nanofluids within a closed cavity, exploring how the combined effects of magnetic fields and multiple nanoparticles improve thermal performance. The significance of the radiation parameter (R), Rayleigh number (Ra), magnetic number (M), Prandtl number (Pr), and volume fractions of three nanoparticles (ϕ1, ϕ2, ϕ3) on the contours of velocity lines and isotherms is illustrated through diagrams. The similarity alteration technique is adopted to convert modeled equations into dimensionless form, and the subsequent equations are numerically evaluated with the finite element technique. Important findings of this study reveal that the temperature scatterings of ternary hybrid nanoliquid increase with intensifying values of (ϕ1), (ϕ2), and (ϕ3), supporting the development of advanced thermal management systems in engineering applications.