Effects of an eight-week combined exercise program on functional and sarcopenia-related outcomes in institutionalized older adults with and without Alzheimer’s disease: a comparative intervention study

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major cause of disability in older adults and is frequently accompanied by sarcopenia and functional decline, contributing to loss of independence. To investigate the effects of an eight-week combined exercise program on physical and cognitive function, sarcopenia-related outcomes and nutritional status in institutionalized older adults with and without AD. Twenty-three participants aged ≥ 65 years (12 with moderate AD and 11 cognitively healthy controls) completed supervised combined aerobic and resistance exercise three times per week for eight weeks. Muscle strength, physical performance, nutritional status, cognition, and activities of daily living were assessed before and after the intervention. Sarcopenia status was classified according to Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2018 (EWGSOP2) criteria using strength and gait speed measures. Comparison of quadriceps muscle strength before and after exercise showed significant improvement in both Alzheimer's patients ( p = 0.013) and the healthy group ( p < 0.001). Significant improvement was found in MNA values ​​after exercise in Alzheimer's patients ( p = 0.021) and in instrumental activities of daily living in healthy individuals ( p = 0.002). After the intervention, quadriceps strength improved significantly in both groups ( p < 0.001). When the relationships between parameters were examined, it was found that the relationships between physical function and daily living activities were significant in individuals with Alzheimer's disease ( p < 0.05). Short-term combined exercise is a versatile intervention method applicable to improve muscle strength, mobility, and nutritional status in older adults living in institutions, including those with Alzheimer's disease.