Remarks on Analogy Between Systems

Although the concepts of isomorphism, homeomorphism, and homomorphism, etc., are defined in different disciplines, they seem to be far too specialized for general use. In this paper the concepts of substantial and structural analogies between general systems are introduced, which are the generalizations of those given by M. Bunge.1 The following results are proved: (i) There is no system S such that S is an object of itself, (ii) All matters in the physical world consist of basic particles, where a basic particle is a particle which cannot be divided into smaller particles.